Mpox

​Learn, Protect & Prevent (1,2,3,4)

Overview

Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is a viral illness caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The virus has two main clades: clade I (with subclades Ia and Ib) and clade II (with subclades IIa and IIb).  A global outbreak of the clade IIb strain began in 2022 and is ongoing, with cases reported in various African countries. Additionally, outbreaks of clades Ia and Ib have been observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and other African nations. As of August 2024, cases of clade Ib have been reported outside of Africa. The natural reservoir of the virus remains unknown, but small mammals like squirrels and monkeys are susceptible to infection.

How does Mpox spreads?

1. Mpox is primarily transmitted from person to person through close contact, which includes skin-to-skin contact, mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-skin contact, and being face-to-face with an infected individual. Those with multiple sexual partners are at a higher risk of contracting Mpox.
2. The virus can also be spread through contaminated objects, needle injuries, and in community settings like tattoo parlors.
3. Pregnant individuals can pass the virus to their baby, which can result in serious complications. Animal-to-human transmission of Mpox can occur through infected animals via bites, scratches, or activities involving handling or consuming animals.
4. The animal reservoir of the virus is still unknown, and further research is needed to understand how Mpox spreads during outbreaks in various settings and conditions.

​Signs & Symptoms

The symptoms usually begin within a week but can start 1–21 days after exposure. Symptoms typically last 2–4 weeks but may last longer in someone with a weakened immune system.

Common symptoms include:

The ​Mpox rash often begins on the face and spreads over the body, extending to the palms of the hands and​ soles of the feet. Initially, it presents as a flat sore that later turns into a blister filled with fluid, leading to itching or discomfort. As the rash progresses, the lesions dry out, form crusts, and eventually fall off as it heals.

Diagnosis

The preferred laboratory test for Mpox involves detecting viral DNA through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most effective samples for diagnosis are obtained directly from the rash, such as skin, fluid, or crusts, collected through thorough swabbing. If skin lesions are not present, swabs from the throat or anus can also be used for testing. It is advised not to opt for blood testing. Antibody detection methods may not be reliable as they cannot differentiate between various orthopoxviruses.

Treatment & Vaccination

The main objective when treating mpox is to address the rash, alleviate pain, and prevent any potential complications. It is crucial to provide early and supportive care in order to effectively manage symptoms and prevent further issues from arising. The administration of an mpox vaccine is recommended as a form of infection prevention, particularly for individuals at a high risk of contracting mpox, especially during an outbreak. The vaccine can also be used as a post-exposure prophylaxis for individuals who have come into contact with someone who has Mpox. In such cases, the vaccine should be administered within 4 days of contact and can be given for up to 14 days if the individual has not shown any symptoms.

Self-care & Prevention

Most individuals with Mpox typically experience recovery within a period of 2 to 4 weeks. It is important to take certain measures to alleviate symptoms and avoid spreading Mpox to others.

Do

1. Seek guidance from your healthcare professional;
2. Isolate at home in a well-ventilated room if feasible;
3. Clean hands regularly with soap and water or hand sanitizer, particularly before and after coming into contact with sores;
4. Use a mask and cover lesions when in the presence of others until the rash has healed;
5. Keep skin dry and uncovered unless in the presence of someone else;
6. Refrain from touching items in communal areas and regularly disinfect these spaces;
7. Utilize saltwater rinses for mouth sores;
8. Take warm baths with baking soda or Epsom salts for body sores.

Do not

1. Avoid popping blisters or scratching sores as this can slow down the healing process, lead to the spread of the rash to other areas of the body, and increase the risk of infection.
2. Refrain from shaving areas with sores until scabs have healed and new skin has formed, as this can also spread the rash.
3. People with Mpox should follow guidance from their healthcare provider to isolate at home or in the hospital, if necessary, until the infectious period has passed.
4. To prevent the spread of Mpox to others, cover lesions and wear a well-fitting mask when around others.

References

1. https://rb.gy/67k1xm
2. https://rb.gy/j8wweq
3. https://rb.gy/fuisra
4. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mpox